![]() German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer, impressed by the Upanishads, called the texts "the production of the highest human wisdom". It is not a part of any religion but is a philosophy for all times and for all. The Upanishadic literature is not a religious scripture and is free from dogma and doctrines. They are also called the 11 classical Upanishads or the fundamental Upanishads of the Vedanta Philosophy. The 11 principal Upanishads to which Sankara appeals in his great commentary on the Vedanta-Surtras are: Chandogya, Talavakara or Kena, Aitareya, Kaushitaki, Vajasaneyi or Isha, Katha, Mundaka, Taittirtiyaka or Taittiriya, Brihadaranyaka, Svetasvatara, and Prasna. The other eight Prapathakas and their Khandas (Chapters) constitute the Chandogya Upanishad. The first two Prapathakas of the Brahmana deal with sacrifices and other forms of worship. It is part of the Chandogya Brahmana, which has ten Prapathakas (Parts). It figures as number 9 in the Muktika canon of 108 Upanishads. It ranks among the oldest Upanishads, dating to the Brahmana period of Vedic Sanskrit (before the 8th century BC). The Chandogya-upanishad belongs to the Sama-veda. Some are lost and are only known about because of being referenced in other Upanishads. ![]() Swami Sarvapriyananda at IITK: Defining God, based on Taittiriya Upanishad. ![]() The word Upanishad (upa-ni-shad) consists of, "Upa" means "near " "ni" means "down " "shad" means "to sit." Thus, Upanishad is to sit down near the teacher to discuss, learn, practice, and experience. What are Upanishads, Simple Easy Introduction with Animations. ![]()
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